Sindh History (2nd September)

 

SINDH IN HISTORY TODAY (2nd SEPTEMBER)

2nd September

BIRTH DATES

Moulana Dur Muhammad ‘Khak’ (Kandhra/Religious Scholar, Poet & Freedom Fighter/ birth 2 September 1895),

Sakhomal Bagai (Tando Bago>Mombai/Poet/ birth 2 September 1917),

Totaram Valechha (Ratodero>Adhipur/Journalist/ birth 2 September 1921),

Mangharam ‘Dewano’ (Matli>Jetpur/Poet/ birth 2 September 1939),

Ali Muhammad Parvez (Lakha/Poet/ birth 2 September 1945),

LeloPanjwani (Sukkur>Mumbai/Singer/ birth 2 September 1945),

Ali Murtaza Dharejo (Larkano/Writer/ birth 2September 1950),

Muhammad RafiqMemon (Mirpurkhas/Journalist/ birth 2 September 1957),

Ali Dost ‘Ajiz’ (Fareedabad/Poet/ birth 2 September 1964)

Razaq Sarohi (Ali BuxSarohi/Journalist/ birth 2 September 1965)

DEATH DATES

Mian Noor Muhammad Kalhoro (Sindh Ruler/ death 2 September 1762),

Makhdoom Muhammad Zaman ‘Sarkar’ (Hala/Saint & Poet/ death 2 September 1913),

Usman Ali Ansari (Shikarpur/Educationist & writer/ death 2 September 1962).

EVENTS

1846: Captain Scott, Superintendent of Canals submits his report to the Government of Sindh on the method of clearance of Canals in Sindh. He suggests that Deputy Collectors and Kardars should have opportunity to interfere with the Canal Department and laborers working on the clearance of Canals be made payment half in money and half in grain. (Source: letter No.225).

1845: Malik Boola Khan Noomrio submits his petition to the Collector of Karachi for compensation of losses sustained by him due to abolition of town duties in Unarpur. He claims the ‘Kana’ [weighing fees] as well as ‘Dhull’ on measurement. (Source: Dy.Collector of Kotri’s letter No.257)

1857: The Government of Bombay asks Sindh Commissioner to prepare report on the ‘Commercial Fairs in Sindh and their effects on Sindhi society’. It is advised that Brigadier General Jacob be asked to give his input. (Source: 4039).

1919: On the victory of the Allies, Karachi Municipality sends its resolution as a message to the Government of Bombay. It is history in a way that such type of Institutions also wanted to please Government. The Resolution reads: ‘That Karachi Municipality express profound thankfulness and heartfelt joy and tenders sincerest congratulations to His Majesty the King-Emperor on the successful termination by the Allied Nations of the gigantic World War and the conclusion of a just and glorious treaty of Peace which they trust usher in a long era of peace, prosperity, and progress throughout the world in which the city of Karachi and whole of the country will participate.’ (Source: KMC record).

1921: Vishno Sharma, editor of ‘Hindu’ is arrested under Section 124 of the Indian Penal Code for writing against the Government. He was awarded two years imprisonment in this case. (Source: The Daily Gazette, Karachi). Sindh Journalism played a vital role in the Freedom Movement but, it has been ignored while compiling history.

1922: The Sindh Khilafat Tahreek proved to be most popular and active political party. Three important and big public functions are held in Goth Panhwar, near Nasirabad; Goth Talh and Tando Muhammad Khan. Function at Tando Muhammad Khan is presided over by Qazi Asadullah Shah. (Source: Al-Wahid, Karachi).

1924: “Hindi Sahtya Bhavan’, an organization for the progress and development of Hindi literature formed in 1912, celebrates if Annual function with T.L.Vaswani in Chair. (Source: The Daily Gazette, Karachi).

1932: First ever ‘Sindh Bar Council’ takes birth. Election was held yesterday evening in the Judicial Commissioner’s Court premises. The Registrar is its Presiding Officer. 218 votes were recorded. Result is notified today. Mr. Dipchand Chandumal tops the list and other elected members are: Fatihchand Assudomal, Tolasing K. Advani, Kimatrai Bhojraj; Khanchand Gopaldas ; Motiram Idanmal [all from Karachi]; Parsram Tolaram Bhavnani; Gopaldas Jhamatmal,; Tejomal Hassamal and Santdas Mangharam [all from Hyderabad]. None from Sukkur and Larkano get elected. (Source: The Daily Gazette, Karachi).

Sindh History ( 1st September)

 

SINDH IN HISTORY TODAY (1st SEPTEMBER)

1st September
 BIRTH DATES

Seth Partabrai (Politician/ birth 1 September 1894),

 LilaramChhatomal (Panwari>Ajmir/Poet/ birth 1 September 1914),

 C.Arjun (Karachi >Mombai/Musician/ birth 1 September 1923),

 Muhammad Achar ‘Makhmoor’ (Naudero/Poet/ birth 1 September 1929),

SoofiGhulam Mustafa ‘Asim’ (Poet/ birth 1 September 1934),

Ali Dost ‘Sabir’ (RoopVato/Poet/ birth 1 September 1934),

 Muhammad Iqbal Dal (Soomar Dal/Journalist/ birth 1 September 1942),

 Dr. AbdulGhafoorMemon (Larkano/Scholar/ birth 1 September 1939),

 MazharJalbani (Writer/ birth 1 September 1950),

 Nand Sachdev (Ulhasnagar/Artist/ birth 1 September 1945)

Muhammad Azim Rind (Jani Wandh/Writer/ birth 1 September 1950),

Dr. Abdul Ghafar Soomro (KhairpurJoso/Scholar/ birth 1 September 1951),

 MorialMahar (SadikJiWandh/Folklore Poet/ birth 1 September 1954),

 Yar Muhammad ‘Aasim’ Khoso (Poet/ birth 1 September 1955),

 Ghulam Akbar ‘Azad’ (Poet/ birth 1 September 1956),

 Comrade Abdul KarimBaloch (Larkano/writer/ birth 1 September 1957),

KausarBuriro (JaniBuriro/Poet/ birth 1 September 1958),

 Muhammad Ismail ‘Irm’ (Poet/ birth 1 September 1958),

 Tahir Bhanon (KunbDaro/Folklore Poet/ birth 1 September 1960),

 Dr.Muhammad Khan Shaikh (Mehar/Social worker & founder of ‘Koonj’/ birth 1 September 1961),

 Piyar Ali ‘Premi’ (Poet/ birth 1 September 1961),

 Rahimdad ‘UstadRahi’ Soomro (Haji Khan Kalhoro/Poet & Political Activist/ birth 1 September 1959),

 Nizamuddin Bhagat (Warah/Writer/ birth 1 September 1963),

 Muhammad SidiqueMahar (Dhamaji/Writer/ birth 1 September 1964),

 Zulfiqar Gadhi (Sher Muhammad Gadhi/Journalist/ birth 1 September 1966),

 Hosh Sarharvi (Poet/1966), Muhammad Ibrahim Bhand (Writer/ birth 1 September 1966),

 Gul Malik (KarampurBijarani/Poet/ birth 1 September 1967)

Niaz Malah (Khairpur/Poet/ birth 1 September 1969),

Imtiaz ‘Saqi’ Mahesar (KotLalBux/Poet/ birth 1 September 1973),

 Fazullah ‘Asi’ (RasoolBuxBrohi/Poet/ birth 1 September 1974),

 Raza Khakhrani (Poet/ birth 1 September 1975),

 

DEATH DATES

Abdul Raman (Bharchoondi/Saint/ death 1 September 1960).

EVENTS

 

1843: Following appointments are made by the new British Government of Sindh: Sukhramdas (Brother of Naumal, as Mukhtyarkar of Ghorabari), Diwan Chandiram of Tilti (Mukhtyarkar of Sehwan), Diwan Pohomal of Thatta (Mukhtyarkar of Laki), Diwan Jethmal of Hyderabad (Mukhtyarkar of Manjhand), Munshi Lalchand of Thatta (Mukhtyarkar of Jherk), Assomal Munshi of Thatta (Mukhtyarkar of Thatta), Bharimal (Mukhtyarkar of Sakro) and Hassomal Kardar of Petaro.
1851: His Highness Mir Ali Murad Khan of Khairpur is facing unwanted treatment from new rulers of Sindh. Shaikh Ali Hassan, ex-minister is encouraged to make petitions about Mir Ali Murad Khan and the Collector of Shikarpur is assigned duty to call upon Shaikh Ali Hassan and submit detailed report. (Source: Letter No.1717).
1885: Hassan Ali Effendi with cooperation of his friends forms ‘Sindh Muhammadan Association’. Prior to this he was an active leader of ‘Sindh Sabha’, but due to his serious differences with Diwan Dayaram Jethmal and Sadhu Hiranand, he left ‘Sindh Sabha’ and opted for separate path. Sindh Muhammadan Association established ‘Sindh Madressah-tul-Islam’ and remained active political party till 1936. (Source:Dr.Mumtaz Bukhari’s Ph.D thesis).
1909: Sindh Acting Commissioner advises the Collector of Larkano not to recommend applications of Landlords of Larkano and Ratodero for any grant but, make them believe that to serve the Government is the honour for them and they must not pray for any grant.(Source: Letter No.3456).
1921: At a big public meeting attended by about 4,000, the Ubauro Aman Sabha is formed with Diwan Girdharimal as its Chairman. (Source: The Daily Gazette, Karachi).
1922: Local Khilafat Committees of Garhi Yaseen, Jacobabad and Ghogharo hold public meetings in respective places. (Source: Newspapers).
1939: It has been told that 14942826 people were killed in Second World War. Sindh was also badly affected by this war and our research scholars have not researched this topic yet.

Sindh History (31st August)

SINDH IN HISTORY TODAY (31st AUGUST)

31st August

BIRTH DATES

Mir Ali Ahmad Talpur (Hyderabad/Freedom Fighter & Minister in Zia’s Government/1915),

Lok Notani (Bhirya > Baroda/Writer/1920).

DEATH DATES

Moulvi Abdul Qadir Chachar (Religious Scholar/1909),

Haji Pir Shah (Sakrand/Saint/1940),

Moulvi Abdul Ghafoor Mahar (Religious Scholar/1943),

Ramchand Bhorani (Freedom Fighter & Journalist/1971).

EVENTS

1939: Colonel Pottenger advises his Government for concentration of force at Sukkur. (Source: Letter No.635-A).

1844: The Sindh Governor asks the Government of India for permission to open a school at Hyderabad for teaching the English language to the children of Baloch chiefs. He request for approving annual grant of Rs.3,000 for the same purpose. (Sindh Governor’s letter No 213).

1920: Posters and Banners are visible on main spots of big cities. Sindh Khilafat has given call for strike on 1st August. Sindhi Muslims are advised to took part in the strike and prove wort as Muslim and lover of the Motherland. (Poster published by Sindh Khilafat).

1946: Liaquat Ali Khan, in statement asked Muslims throughout the India to observe ‘Black Day’ by hoisting black flags on houses and places of business on September 2, to register the Muslims’ silent contempt at the installation in office the Hindu Congress. (Source: The Indian Annual Register, Vol-11, 1946)

1947: Boundary Award is unjustified and has been imposed upon us, says the Governor-General of Pakistan (Source: Newspapers).

1949: The First ever Convocation of Sindh University is held. The Prime Minister of Pakistan presides over. (Source: ibid).

1972: We are ready to sit on opposition benches, if Mujeeb is ready to make modifications in his 6-points, says Z.A.Bhutto, Chairman of the PPP. (Source: ‘Source-Material on Bhutto family’, compiled by Gul Hayat Institute).

1991: Benazir Bhutto meets Chief of Army Staff Asif Nawaz Junjua. (Source: ibid).

 

Sindh History (30th August)

 

SINDH IN HISTORY TODAY (30th AUGUST)

30th August

BIRTH DATES

Muhammad Moosa ‘raz’ (Poet/1899),

Ghulam Qadir ‘Dildar’ (Poet/1948),

‘Shad’ Kolachi (Kolachi/Poet/1953),

Gul Hasan ‘Gul’Sathi (Larkano/Poet/1956),

Aslam Azad (Jati/Writer/1965),

Noor Muhammad Kumbhar (Muhib Chandio/Writer/1980),

Sarmad Aziz (Jhimpir/Journalist/1986),

DEATH DATES

Ali Muhammad ‘Khaldi’(Poet/1974).

EVENTS

1835: It is decided between Colonel Pottenger and Mir Noor Muhammad Khan that survey of Indus shall not stop. However, it will be conducted on boats and vessels will not be used for that purpose. (Source: Colonel Pottenger’s letter No.58 to his Government).

1933: Central Literary Group organizes lecture program in Hopeful School at Arambagh. M.U.Abbasi delivers his on the History and importance of Drama. Abbasi was from Muhabatdero and Education officer in Karachi. He wrote biographies of Sir Agha Khan, quaid-i-Azam and others. I interviewed him for so many times. He was witness to our history. He told me that he has visited Jhirk School and saw General Register of School and name of M.A.Jinnah in it also. He wrote that fact in his book, biography of Jinnah. (Source: Interview with M.U.Abbasi).

1951: India refutes allegation that she is creating conditions to compel Indian Muslims to migrate. They are leaving country on their own, the Government of India declares. (Source: Newspapers).

1959: Consequent upon introducing Basic Democracy system in the Pakistan, all Municipalities are divided/reorganized into Wards. (Source: Newspapers).

1977: Probe into the case regarding murder of Nawab Muhammad Ahmad is completed. PNA demands trial of Z.A.Bhutto. (Source: ‘Source-Material on Bhutto family’, compiled by Gul Hayat Institute).

1979: Gen.Zia promulgates new political parties’ law making it compulsory for all political parties to get themselves registered with Election Commission. (Source: Government Notification).

1990: In politics of our society, everything is right. Asghar Khan never recognized PPP Government of Z.A.Bhutto, but PPP today enters into alliance with Tahrik-i-Istaqlal. (Source: ‘Source-Material on Bhutto family’, compiled by Gul Hayat Institute).

1991: Benazir Bhutto and Nawabzado Nasrullah Khan to take combined steps against IJI Government. Decision is taken in their meeting. (Source: ibid).

Early Students of DJCollege

 

EARLY STUDENTS OF D.J.SINDH COLLEGE

We Sindhis have unique psychology. We are leaders for others but, at war with each other. Sir Agha Khan leaded the deputation in 1905 to see Viceroy of India for redressing of problems of Muslims of India. Quaid-i-Azam  headed Muslim League and earned Pakistan. Likewise, other Sindhi leaders played leading role at all India level. As for as the internal story is concerned, we/our forefathers failed to maintain national unity and harmony in Sindh.  We all know that All India Congress was formed in 1885.But, it is amazing to note that in Sindh, a Social-cum-political party SINDH SABHA was formed in 1882 i.e three years before establishment of CONGRESS.

Sindh Sabha consisted of three major segments of Sindh and they were Muslims, Hindus and Parsees. Dyaram Jethmal and Hassan Ali Effendi were leaders of their respective communities. But, their differences divided Sindh into two camps for ever. I am not here to fix that responsibility  to any leader but, have to trace the history for the establishment of Sindh Madressah-tul-Islam and D.J.Dindh College.  Both leaders formed different opinion on three points: 1). Separate electorate for election,2) relationship with Government and  3. Promotion of education in Sindh. Hassan Ali Effendi was in favour of Separate electorate for Hindus and Muslims, Dyaram Jethmal was in favour of being near to Government and Hassan Ali wanted Secondary education for Muslims, whereas Dyaram Jethmal intended Higher education for all. Hassan Ali Effendi left SINDH SABHA and formed SINDH MUHAMMADAN ASSOCIATION and Sindh Madreesah. Dyaram Jethmal  established Sindh Arts College, that was later on renamed as Dyaram Jethmal  College [D.J.Sindh College] after his death.

The opening of the Sind Arts College- subsequently named “The Dayaram Jethmaql Sind College” – at Karachi, on 17^th January 1887, by Lord Reay, Governor of Bombay, was an epoch-making event in the annals of the province. Sind, one of the last Indian provinces to pass under the British rule, was perhaps the least developed of all. Educationally, it remained backward even under the British administration, until this college arose to dispel the thick gloom of ignorance. Before 1887 not a single Sindhi had passed the School Final examination. A few had matriculated of whom the following had taken a degree:- Thirteen B.A’s (all from the Elphinstone College, Bombay), namely, Chuharmal Kundanmal Punjabi (1865, First Division), Alumal Trikamdas Bhojwani (1867, Second Division), Sadikali Faridun Mirza (1872), Techkchand Udhavads Vaswani (1875) Dayaram Gidumal Shahani (1878, Second Class and Ellis Scholarship), Harchandri Vishindas Bharwani (1882, Second Class), Vazirmal Uttamchand Lalvani (1887), Tahilram Khemchand Vazirani (1884, Second Class), Bulchan Kodumal Jagtiani (1884), Hiranand Khemsing Advani (1886, Second Class), Mathradas Javahri (1886, Second Class), Himatsing Gajsing Advani (1886) and Dalmatrai Roshiram Lalvani.

Almost of all these Students earned name and fame. Dayaram Gidumal Shahani became outstanding Scholar, Social Reformer and Philosopher of his own right. He was born in 1857 that was the year of “War of Independence” and he used to say that “I am born in 1857, there for you will find War in my thoughts and actions”. We he was very old, he married a young girl. It was his drastic step and violation of Hindu Traditions and values. He faced a big opposition and that issue was taken by Press also.  Mahatma Gandi and Moluana Azad tried to see him, but, he refused to meet with them.

And other Student Harchandri Vishindas Bharwani was an outstanding Freedom Fighter and he breathed his last soon after participating in Assembly Session to oppose the Simon Commission. He was the first Politian who demanded the separation of Sindh form Bombay Presidency and later on he became the Leader of Hindus those opposed separation of Sindh form Bombay Presidency.

While going through the records of the D.J.Sindh College, we find that following were early students of the college:                   

1.      Alimchandani, Bulchand Dayaram                                                                                        

2.       Alimchandani, Lilaram Jethmal

3.      Belara, Basarmal Tarachand:

4.      Bhagchandani, Verhomal Lokumal:

5.      Bhavnani, Chandiram Doulatram

6.      Bhavnani, Pohumal Bakaasrai

7.      Chainani, Khubchand Jethmal

8.      Dadachanji, Dorabji Sorabji

9.      Datani. Abdul Kadir Umerkhan

10.  Gulrajani, Assudamal Amarsing

11.  Gursayani, Kimatrai Gagandas

12.  James, John Vincent

13.  Jhangiani, Gidumal Awatrai

14.  Jhangiani, Premchand Awatrai

15.  Jagtiani, Valiram Kodumal

16.  Karamchandani, Hardasmal U 

17.  Kirpalani, Ghanshamdas Khatanmal

18.  Lalvani, Tarachand Alimchand

19.  Lalvani, Kishna Uttamchand

20.  Malkan, Udharam Shewakram

21.  Mandvivala, Yusafali Alibhai

22.  Minwala, Jijibhoy Merwanji

23.  Mirchandani, Motiram Udharam

24.  Mahomed, Yousiff

25.  Malkani, Rutonmal Gidumal

26.  Pahalajani, Bhojsing Gurudinamal

27.  Primalani, Hassomal Kalachand

28.  Shivdasani, Jethanand Choithram

29.  Thandani, Uttamchand Gangaram

 From these Students Alimchandani, Bulchand Dayaram Known as Rao Bahadur, son of Hon’ble Dayaram Jethmal after whom the College is named. Was one of the first batch of students in 1886 – 1887. B.A. One of the finest scholars Sind. Has produced. Wrote articles of merit in Sindhi and English. Principal N.H . Academy Hyderabad Sind, and President Hyderabad Municipality for a number of years. Fellow, University of Bombay. One of the most valuable members on the College Standing Committee for years. Another Students Alimchandani, Lilaram Jethmal Born 1865. Belonged to the first batch of senior students of this College. B.A. in 1890. L.L.B. 1893. Practised Law for two years. Was taken up on the Provincial Civil Service (Judicial) in 1896 and appointed as Sub-ordinate (second class) judge in the second grade. In 1914 promoted to be joint judge and Sessions Judge. A pioneer Social Reformer, interested in female education. Has been President, Kundanmal Girls School Association. Took great pain in the foundation and establishment of the D.G. National Collage Hyderabad. He has done noble work for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. A sportsman and Physical Culturist. One of the two surviving first students of this College, andJhangiani, Premchand Awatrai did B.A and served as translator, and Karamchandani, Hardasmal U did B.A. Joined the Revenue Department where he rose to be Collector.

 

Sindh History (29th August)

 

SINDH IN HISTORY TODAY (29th AUGUST)

29th August
 BIRTH DATES

Syed Miran Muhammad Shah Awal (Thakar/Writer & translator of early British period/1829),

Kishinchand ‘Bewas’ (Larkano/Poet/1885),

Guli Sadarangani (Karachi >Mumbai/Novelist/1906),

 

DEATH DATES

Moulvi Khali-u-Rahman Mahar (Religious Scholar & Freedom Fighter/1940),

Qaisar Khan Bozdar (Politician/1952),

 Jumo Khan ‘Ghareeb’ (Mureed Lakhr/Poet/1953),

Kazi Nazar-ul-Islam (Great Bengali Poet/1967),

 Muhammad Chhutal ‘Faraz’ (Arazi/Poet/1989)

 

EVENTS

 

     1845: Captain Prtridge , Deputy Collector, Kotri prepares report on the construction of Bund Veero in order to induce the inhabitants of the tract to abandon their present unsettled course of life and to return their attention to agriculture. (Source: Captain Preedy, Collector of Karachi’s office letter No. 749).
1928: All-Parties Conference at Luck now after long discussion adopted the Dominion States without restricting the liberty of other political parties whose goal was complete independence. Even a known revolutionary Subhas Chandra Bose also agreed and singed the resolution. (Source: The Indian Annual Register, Vol-11, 1928).
1936: Himalalyas is climbed for the first time . The joint British-American Expedition led by Professor Grahm-Brown of Cardiff University reach highest peak of 25,660 feet. (Source: The Indian Annual Register, Vol-11, 1936).
1969: Total strike is observed throughout Pakistan to protest against the putting the Al-Aqsa Mosque on fire. (Source: Newspapers).
1973: We do not recognize the Government of PPP, says Asghar Khan. (Source: Newspapers).
1977: Investigation in the murder of Nawab Muhammad Ahmad Khan is in final stage. Stage is being set to involve and hang Z.A.Bhutto who brought back home POWs, Gave Pakistan unanimously adopted Constitution, hold Islamic Conference. (Source: ibid).

Sindh History (28th August)

 

SINDH IN HISTORY TODAY (28th AUGUST)

28th August

BIRTH DATES

Aneeta Kamal ‘Piyasi’ (Loralai > Baroch/Poetess/1931),

Bhojraj Vichani (Dabhro > Mumbai/Writer/1937),

Birj Mohan (Jagan > Mumbai/Writer/1939),

Pir Bux ‘Piyasi’ (Tando Muhammad Khan/Poet/1942),

Shiv Kumar Sharma (Ahmadabad/Artist/1950),

Habib-u-Rahman ‘Habib’ Soomro (Dargah Imam Bux/Poet/1960),

Amar Sindhu – Real name Salman Laghari (Mirpurkhas/Poetess & University teachers’ leader/1068),

Mir Barkat Katohar (Thull/Social worker/1978)

DEATH DATES

His Highness Mir Shadad Khan Talpur (1857),

Allama Muhammad Qasim Mashori (Sahib Khan Mashori/Religious Scholar & Saint/1990),

Khowaja Abdul Rasool Ratar (Noorpur/Saint/2005)

EVENTS

1920: Hyderabad is witnessing very important political atmosphere for two days with effect from today. Both days public meetings and conference is held in the city. The day begins with political activity of Sindh Khilafat Committee. Public meeting is held with aim to create public opinion in favor of the Non-Cooperation movement. Special Sindh Provincial Conference is also held in the city and its all details are available at Gul Hayat website. (Source: Newspapers)

1928: Dr.Ansari presides over All Parties Conference at Luck now to discuss the ‘Nihru Report’. (Source: Book on All Parties Conference).

1948: In the meeting of the ‘Muhajir Council’ presided over by Liaquat Ali Khan, the Prime Minister of Pakistan, it is decided that 2,00,000 Indian Muslim migrants waiting in Punjab camps will be settled in Sindh. (Source: Newspapers).

1952: DSP, Khan Najaf Khan is served upon Charge Sheet by the Punjab Government in connection with the murder of Liaquat Ali Khan, ex-Prime Minister of Pakistan. (Source: ibid).

1964: Z.A.Bhutto, Foreign Minister of Pakistan is awarded with ‘Order of Hamayoon’ [First Class] by Shah of Iran for rendering valuable services in connection with Regional Cooperation for Development [RCD]. (Source: ‘Source-Material on Bhutto family’, compiled by Gul Hayat Institute).